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Item Workshop on Molecular Biology Techniques(Mohamed Boudiaf University of Science and Technology of Oran (USTO-MB), 2026-06-11) Abdi MeriemThis polycopié has been written to accompany the laboratory and lecture courses in Workshop on Molecular Biology Techniques offered at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels in the Molecular and Applied Genetics Department. It is designed as a self-contained, comprehensive reference that covers, in rigorous detail, the nine core techniques of DNA analysis that every modern molecular biologist must master. The field of molecular biology has undergone extraordinary transformation over the past four decades. When the polymerase chain reaction was first described by Kary Mullis in 1983, it was a conceptual breakthrough that few could have imagined would, within a decade, become as routine as pipetting. When Frederick Sanger developed his chain-termination sequencing method in 1977, it required months of dedicated laboratory work to read a few hundred bases of a single gene. Today, a single instrument run can generate the equivalent of the entire human genome, three billion base pairs, in under twenty-four hours. This polycopié situates each technique within this historical trajectory, explaining not just the how, but the why.Item Genetic Engineering(Mohamed Boudiaf University of Science and Technology of Oran (USTO-MB), 2026-06-11) Abdi MeriemGenetic engineering stands today as one of the most transformative disciplines in modern biological sciences. Over the past five decades, advances in molecular biology have made it possible not only to understand the structure and function of genes, but also to manipulate them with remarkable precision. What began as fundamental research into the molecular nature of DNA has evolved into a powerful technological framework that now influences medicine, agriculture, environmental science, and industrial biotechnology. This course manual is designed for third-year undergraduate (L3) students in biological sciences, biotechnology, biochemistry, and related fields. Its objective is to provide a solid conceptual foundation while also introducing the practical tools and experimental strategies that define contemporary genetic engineering. The content bridges theoretical knowledge and laboratory application, allowing students to understand both the “why” and the “how” of molecular manipulation. Throughout this manual, students will explore the core principles of recombinant DNA technology, including restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, host systems, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing technologies, genomic and cDNA libraries, and modern genome editing tools such as CRISPR-Cas systems. Emphasis is placed not only on the mechanisms underlying these techniques but also on their applications in real-world contexts, including recombinant protein production, transgenic organisms, gene therapy, and next-generation sequencing.Item Cellular Differentiation And Reproduction(Mohamed Boudiaf University of Science and Technology of Oran (USTO-MB), 2026-06-11) Abdi MeriemThis course handout has been prepared for the Master of Science program in Cytogenetics. It covers the complete DCR curriculum across twenty interconnected chapters, spanning the molecular biology of gene expression and cellular differentiation, through the cytogenetics and physiology of human reproduction, to the developmental genetics of embryonic formation. Fourteen original scientific figures have been produced and integrated at the most pedagogically relevant positions within the text. Each figure is accompanied by a detailed legend that can stand independently as a study aid. Key clinical correlates have been expanded throughout: molecular mechanisms are consistently connected to the pathologies that arise from their disruption, ensuring that basic science learning is grounded in medical reality.