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Item Workshop on Molecular Biology Techniques(Mohamed Boudiaf University of Science and Technology of Oran (USTO-MB), 2026-06-11) Abdi MeriemThis polycopié has been written to accompany the laboratory and lecture courses in Workshop on Molecular Biology Techniques offered at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels in the Molecular and Applied Genetics Department. It is designed as a self-contained, comprehensive reference that covers, in rigorous detail, the nine core techniques of DNA analysis that every modern molecular biologist must master. The field of molecular biology has undergone extraordinary transformation over the past four decades. When the polymerase chain reaction was first described by Kary Mullis in 1983, it was a conceptual breakthrough that few could have imagined would, within a decade, become as routine as pipetting. When Frederick Sanger developed his chain-termination sequencing method in 1977, it required months of dedicated laboratory work to read a few hundred bases of a single gene. Today, a single instrument run can generate the equivalent of the entire human genome, three billion base pairs, in under twenty-four hours. This polycopié situates each technique within this historical trajectory, explaining not just the how, but the why.Item Genetic Engineering(Mohamed Boudiaf University of Science and Technology of Oran (USTO-MB), 2026-06-11) Abdi MeriemGenetic engineering stands today as one of the most transformative disciplines in modern biological sciences. Over the past five decades, advances in molecular biology have made it possible not only to understand the structure and function of genes, but also to manipulate them with remarkable precision. What began as fundamental research into the molecular nature of DNA has evolved into a powerful technological framework that now influences medicine, agriculture, environmental science, and industrial biotechnology. This course manual is designed for third-year undergraduate (L3) students in biological sciences, biotechnology, biochemistry, and related fields. Its objective is to provide a solid conceptual foundation while also introducing the practical tools and experimental strategies that define contemporary genetic engineering. The content bridges theoretical knowledge and laboratory application, allowing students to understand both the “why” and the “how” of molecular manipulation. Throughout this manual, students will explore the core principles of recombinant DNA technology, including restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, host systems, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing technologies, genomic and cDNA libraries, and modern genome editing tools such as CRISPR-Cas systems. Emphasis is placed not only on the mechanisms underlying these techniques but also on their applications in real-world contexts, including recombinant protein production, transgenic organisms, gene therapy, and next-generation sequencing.Item Cellular Differentiation And Reproduction(Mohamed Boudiaf University of Science and Technology of Oran (USTO-MB), 2026-06-11) Abdi MeriemThis course handout has been prepared for the Master of Science program in Cytogenetics. It covers the complete DCR curriculum across twenty interconnected chapters, spanning the molecular biology of gene expression and cellular differentiation, through the cytogenetics and physiology of human reproduction, to the developmental genetics of embryonic formation. Fourteen original scientific figures have been produced and integrated at the most pedagogically relevant positions within the text. Each figure is accompanied by a detailed legend that can stand independently as a study aid. Key clinical correlates have been expanded throughout: molecular mechanisms are consistently connected to the pathologies that arise from their disruption, ensuring that basic science learning is grounded in medical reality.Item Travaux dirigés de Biologie Moléculaire(Mohamed Boudiaf University of Science and Technology of Oran (USTO-MB), 2026-06-02) LAROUCI SalihaLa biologie moléculaire est une discipline scientifique au croisement de la génétique, de la biochimie et de la physique, dont l'objet est la compréhension des mécanismes de fonctionnement de la cellule au niveau moléculaire. La biologie moléculaire est apparue au XXe siècle, à la suite de l'élaboration des lois de la génétique, la découverte des chromosomes et l'identification de l'ADN comme support chimique de l'information génétique. Après la découverte de la structure en double hélice de l'ADN en 1953 par James Watson (1928-), Francis Crick (1916-2004), Maurice Wilkins (1916-2004) et Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958), la biologie moléculaire a connu d'importants développements pour devenir un outil incontournable de la biologie moderne à partir des années 1970. Depuis la fin des années 1950 et le début des années 1960, les biologistes moléculaires ont appris à caractériser, isoler et manipuler les composants moléculaires des cellules et des organismes. Ces composants incluent l'ADN, support de l'information génétique, l'ARN, et les protéines, molécules structurelles et enzymatiques les plus importantes des cellules. Ce polycopié est le support de travaux dirigés de la matière Biologie Moléculaire Unité d’enseignement fondamentale 1 (UEF 3.2.1) destiné aux étudiants de troisième année licence LMD académique Biochimie. L’objectif des travaux dirigés de la matière Biologie moléculaire est d'appliquer les connaissances apprises pendant les cours théoriques par le biais d’une série de 05 travaux dirigés sur : Structure et dynamique de l’ADN, Réplication de l’ADN, Mutation et mutagenèse, : Régulation de l’expression des gènes et méthodologie en biologie moléculaire Le polycopié est divisé en deux parties : la première partie concerne les énoncés des exercices proposés pour chaque fiche de TD avec un rappel de cours de la biologie moléculaire qui permettra aux étudiants de comprendre la structure et l’organisation du génome avec toute sa complexité de transcription, traduction, régulation transcriptionnelle et traductionnelle. Ainsi que les techniques de bases (PCR, séquençage, électrophorèse). Tandis que la seconde partie présente également l'ensemble des solutions aux exercices proposées.Item General Microbiology(University of Sciences and Technology of Oran, 2026-04-14) Harir, MohammedGenerally microbes can be divided into two categories: the cellular microbes (or organisms) and the acellular microbes (or agents). In the cellular camp we have the bacteria, the archaea, the fungi, and the protists (a bit of a grab bag composed of algae, protozoa, slime molds, and water molds). Cellular microbes can be either unicellular, where one cell is the entire organism, or multicellular, where hundreds, thousands or even billions of cells can make up the entire organism. In the acellular camp we have the viruses and other infectious agents, such as prions and viroids. In this textbook the focus will be on the bacteria and archaea (traditionally known as the “prokaryotes,”) and the viruses The scale of the “invisible world’; There are a thousand millimetres in a metre. There are a thousand microns (micrometres) in a millimetre, an E. coli bacterium is about a micron long – so a million of them lined up form a line a metre long, a cell of bakers yeast (a fungus) is about 10-15 microns in diameter. Some microscopic pond life is invisible to the naked eye, some are “just” visible. Viruses are very tiny, only a fraction of a micron (say 20 - 100 nanometres - billionths of a metre). Bacteria, fungi, and protozoa can be seen in a light microscope, but except for the larger protozoans, not with much internal detail. Viruses cannot be seen using a light microscope. Viruses can easily be seen using a transmission electron microscope, extensive details of cells can be analysed with an electron microscope. The “Branches” of microbiology; Bacteriologists - study bacteria, there are medical, agricultural, biotechnological Specializations. Mycologists - study fungi, there are medical, agricultural, biotechnological Specializations. Protozoologists, study small “animal - like” single celled organisms such as amoeba, and various disease causing parasites. Phycologists study algae. The study of lichens can also be regarded as a sub discipline of microbiology Parasitologists- a term generally used to describe those who study small animals as agents of disease (like some microscopic worms for instance) but also used to describe those who study protozoan pathogens. Immunology is often taught and researched in microbiology facultiesItem Hygiene and Safety in the Laboratory(University of Sciences and Technology of Oran, 2026-04-09) Dib, WafaaIn the context of scientific research and technological development, laboratories are indispensable environments for experimentation, innovation, and applied learning. However, the laboratory setting is also a high-risk area, particularly when handling chemical, biological, or radiological agents. For students specializing in Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, a strong foundation in laboratory hygiene and safety is essential, not only for personal protection but also for ensuring the validity and reproducibility of experimental results. This course, “Hygiene and Safety in the Laboratory”, is intended for third-year undergraduate students specializing in Plant Biotechnology and Genomics. It is specifically designed to equip students with the essential knowledge and skills required to work safely and responsibly in research and diagnostic laboratories. The course emphasizes the principles of biosafety, chemical safety, radiation protection, and emergency response, all within the framework of plant biotechnology and molecular biology practices. The first chapter introduces general safety and hygiene rules, including the identification of potential hazards, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and the adoption of behaviors that minimize exposure to dangerous agents. Students will learn how to assess risk in experimental procedures and maintain a clean and organized workspace to prevent contamination. The second chapter focuses on chemical risks, a central concern in molecular biology and biotechnology laboratories. This section covers the classification of chemicals, their physical and toxicological properties, and their effects on health and the environment. Students will also learn proper techniques for the storage, handling, labeling, and disposal of chemical products, in accordance with international safety standards. The third chapter addresses good laboratory practices (GLP), which are essential for maintaining a clean and safe working environment. Topics include bench-top safety, risk assessment procedures, proper maintenance, cleaning, disinfection, and decontamination of equipment. This chapter also introduces the fundamentals of radiation protection, covering both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, in accordance with national (Algerian) and international standards. In addition, it presents laser safety protocols, highlighting the risks associated with optical radiation and the protective measures required, especially relevant in molecular visualization and analytical techniques used in plant genomics. The final chapter addresses the management of accidental and emergency situations, including fire risks, chemical spills, and evacuation procedures. Students will explore practical methods for risk mitigation and emergency preparedness, with simulations of real-world laboratory incidents. By the end of the course, students will be able to integrate hygiene and safety principles into their daily laboratory work, conduct risk assessments, respond appropriately to incidents, and contribute to a safe and compliant research environment. These competencies are not only essential for academic success but also form the basis for professional practice in biotechnology and genomics research.Item Microbiologie industrielle(University of Sciences and Technology of Oran, 2026-03-10) KALBAZA, KhadidjaCe cours présente d’abord les principales applications de la microbiologie industrielle, ainsi que les micro-organismes d’intérêt industriel et les milieux de culture nécessaires à leur croissance et à leur production. Il aborde également les procédés de fermentation industrielle, en décrivant la conception et le fonctionnement des fermenteurs, ainsi que les paramètres permettant de contrôler et d’optimiser les fermentations. Enfin, le cours traite de la production de biomasse et de métabolites microbiens, en mettant en évidence les techniques utilisées pour améliorer les rendements et valoriser différentes sources de substrats, notamment les sous-produits agricoles et industriels. L’ensemble de ces notions permet de comprendre le rôle essentiel des micro-organismes dans le développement des biotechnologies et des procédés industriels modernes.Item Practical Guide in Geology(university of science and technology of oran, 2026-03-09) MAHBOUBI, AbdassamadGeology is a fundamental science that operates across multiple scales, from crystal structures to large-scale tectonic plate movements. It provides essential insights into the origin of life, the evolution of ecosystems, and the environmental conditions that shaped biodiversity through time. Geological knowledge helps biologists understand species dispersal, soil formation, and past climate changes through the study of sediments, fossils, and ice cores. Geology also plays a key role in identifying natural and anthropogenic pollution sources. This book presents eight thematic tutorials designed mainly for biology students, covering mineralogy, rock types, topography, and geological mapping, providing essential tools for understanding Earth processes and their ecological implicationsItem Geology(University of Sciences and Technology of Oran, 2026-03-09) MAHBOUBI, AbdassamadThis book introduces geology to students with limited background in the field, particularly those studying Biology at the bachelor’s and master’s levels. It highlights geology as a fundamental science closely linked to human history, natural resources, and the evolution of life on Earth. The text emphasizes the strong relationship between geology and biology through disciplines such as paleontology, paleobotany, and biogeography, showing how geological processes have influenced biological evolution and ecosystems. Geology is also presented as an interdisciplinary science connected to physics, chemistry, and environmental studies. The book is organized into three chapters covering Earth’s structure, external geodynamics, and internal geodynamics (Item Evaluation toxicologique et pharmacologique des plantes médicinales(University of Sciences and Technology of Oran, 2026-02-25) BOKHARI, HassibaCe polycopié est destiné aux étudiants de première année de Master en Biotechnologie et Valorisation des Plantes conformément au programme du Comité Pédagogique National (CPN), pour acquérir les notions générales et fondamentales nécessaires à la compréhension des grands principes de la toxicologie et de décrire les différents types de toxicité. De plus, il aborde les enjeux liés à l'évaluation des risques associés aux plantes médicinales et décrit les effets des substances toxiques sur différents organes cibles. Cela semble être un outil précieux pour les étudiants qui souhaitent approfondir leur compréhension des aspects toxicologiques liés aux plantes et à leurs produits.