Geology

Abstract

This book introduces geology to students with limited background in the field, particularly those studying Biology at the bachelor’s and master’s levels. It highlights geology as a fundamental science closely linked to human history, natural resources, and the evolution of life on Earth. The text emphasizes the strong relationship between geology and biology through disciplines such as paleontology, paleobotany, and biogeography, showing how geological processes have influenced biological evolution and ecosystems. Geology is also presented as an interdisciplinary science connected to physics, chemistry, and environmental studies. The book is organized into three chapters covering Earth’s structure, external geodynamics, and internal geodynamics (